9.22.2010

I and Thou: in remembrance of the long deceased

In preparation of a chapter I've been working on, I found this old school paper, written all the way back in fall 2003 for a course on "self-awareness." It's Chinese moon festival. Who would have guessed what a beautiful moon we are getting in New York. Looking back, despite everything, life is full of God's grace.


The Depths

He rises from the depths. I sense his
coming, sometimes not wanting him,
sometimes welcoming him as a beloved
friend. He has a voice different from
mine: As free but with more colors.

I do not know his name but I know his
heart. I know his mind. His words are like
clear water: pure and untransformable. He
knows what I don't and speaks words which
elude my most labored hopes. I can feel his
truth, tangible, and thick yet light as feathered
gold. It is not my truth but it uses my voice.
He sees my eyes, knows their wonder, their
curiosity, even amusement about the mystery
of our friendship. I have never asked his name.
I let him speak. He is my teacher, my friend.

He rises from the depths, always with a
smile, a laugh, a laugh I love to hear.
He looks at life with unrestrained joy,
knowing no sadness. He has never seen
pain of any kind. He is the sunshine, the
light, the brightness that will never dim.

He rises from the depths, always by
surprise. He cries his own tears, never
seeking solace. He bears life's hurts,
its despair. He feels the pain of humanity,
being its child. He feels with the wounded
and the confused. He walks beside the lost,
being himself lost. He is unafraid of constant
birth and change.

He rises from the depths. He has no home.
He lives at the edge of civilization, where the
fluid is molded into the form, where the water
becomes the ice. He sees the idea become
the doctrine, but keeps silent, knowing the
destiny of confused mind. His life is simple:
a crust of bread, a favored dream, a gadget

to play with. With empty pockets and no
gold chains for yoke, he travels lightly--a
wanderer blown by the winds of change,
of time …[1]

I fell in love with this little poem instantly upon my first encounter, in a relatively uneventful evening of late September. Due to my inner turmoil at that time, I couldn’t immediately identify what struck me most: the rhythm, the distance, or the infinite male imagery. It seemed a mixture of pain and lightness that lulled me into a world of strange, intoxicating solitude. The recurrence of beginning sentence, he rises from the depths, creates a rich substance of smoothness and profundity. Depths, used as a plural, resounding another worddeath, denies any suggestion of threat or gloominess, transforming into a sweet, welcoming dwelling where meanings continually unfolds.

Who is he, the lofty, enigmatic figure? Several familiar faces emerged simultaneously to my mind. The first one was my father who was, in Bowlby’s term, my ‘secure base’ and meant almost everything in my childhood. Who was he, then? I used to think he was God, and it turned out he wasn't. Instead, he died untimely at the peak of his life. Nobody really understood how he had felt for the following series of agonies: loss of his father at seven; loss of his mother upon his commencement, after several years of her bedridden illness; his college sweetheart, whom he had prepared to marry for years; his first baby child; and finally, his freedom and his life. In retrospect, my father was remembered as a man of extraordinary sense of humor, of perspective, of principle and self-denial. Like all Chinese fathers (ominous words!), my father paid a terrible price for that respected title. By experiencing with him, especially his perpetual absence from my life, I came to understand in an intimate way how our culture has been working.

The next image that popped up automatically was my paternal grandfather. One of the anecdotes I often heard about him was how he was traveling around China single-handedly during the Japanese invasion and the liberation wars. An unusually tall and strong figure, he had never been intimidated by anything in his life. So furious about the ‘useless’ pediatricians whom he believed failed to save his two baby sons at an age ‘too young to believe’, he turned himself eventually into a doctor best ever in China’s modern medical history. Upon his mythical death, he had left volumes and volumes of original writings on eclectic acupuncture and medicine.

I could never penetrate my obsession about these two men. Death in its typical way has made it entirely impossible for me to resolve the mystery of them. And I’m doomed to pursue such an impossible cause. Many times I would sit alone daydream a meeting with my father, or my grandfather, or a meeting between the two. My efforts were not completely futile. I have partially come to the root of my very being, my personality, propensities, even some of my most undetectable neurotic, antisocial tendencies. The father and son are now securely anchored in my blood. And I carry them inside me wherever I go, knowing that I shall always be proud and secure, that there is something that has made me uniquely different from all the rest of the humanity.

A striking similarity I had recognized about my heroes is that they are highly curious human beings. Curiosity, in my eyes, is similar to spontaneity. It is prized as a virtue of some highest level. Psychoanalytically it implies that the person has achieved a considerable amount of integration in his personality. He has come to terms with his inner conflicts. To be able to do that, it is assumed, he has to be sufficiently loved and taken cared of, at least in certain critical time of his development, that he can free himself from being constantly on guard to protect himself. He reaches his hand to the outer world. He is free-spirited, supple-minded, unbiased, and undefensive. And his lack of defensiveness in turn allows him less subjection to deception and more freedom, that he is able to experience life in his deep and original way. To use Maslow’s term, he is a human who self-actualizes.

I have noticed with great interest this rare characteristic manifest itself in some adults, my professors, pastors, friends. I have to admit that it’s not this quality that I treasure most. It’s the quality of a relationship it ultimately opens up to, signifies, the relationship I call absolute, or perfect, not one dependent on the other but I and Thou, two infinite interdependent entities (Buber). My relationship with my father, grandfather, with other fellow humans, with the poem, the world, echoes what I have been trying to grasp, the i-thou relationship.

I found the idea i-thou extremely inspiring. It originally came from Martin Buber, a remarkable Jewish philosopher. In Buber’s seminal work, there are two ‘primary words’ in our vocabulary: i-it and i-thou, which are also two basic, opposing ways of dealing with the world.

The experience of i-it is the mode of which we are all familiar. It is a utilitarian, pragmatic way of engaging the world. ‘It’ is an object, a point in time and space, e.g. a tree, a person, or a feeling. ‘It’ is moving, changing, dynamic, transient, something that can be observed, studied, manipulated, or even destroyed. The interacting process is defined as ‘experience’. The observer ‘i’ is basically unmoved, unsympathetic and separated from the observed it.

The encounter of i-thou is the opposite. It's the real meeting of ‘the way i am’ and ‘the way thou are’, in which we actively engage thou with our whole being. We ‘look at’ thou (not ‘observe’ thou), immerse in it, giving our full attention, to figure thou out, no preconditions, no expectations. Thou is not singled out as merely a point in universe but the universe itself and there is nothing else to distract us.

“The unified i and the boundless thou”, says Buber, is the full mutuality between two equal partners. It’s two meeting without manipulating or making use of the other, treating the other as an object, an it.

I and Thou requires distance. An appropriate level of distance is crucial because only with distance one realizes oneself as the unique, autonomous being as well as the other. The distance cannot be too far (we lose sight of the self), or too close (an infusion, in which we over-involve the self). It has to be a subject-to-subject, ‘inter-subjective’ relationship.

It also demands ‘concentration of the soul’. Each enters the relationship focusing on the other, to be fully present, available, to ‘be there’ for the other.

The universal i-thou relationship includes and encompasses all other relationships and defines how we relate to each other, to really ‘meet’ each other. It is against such a relationship all the rest of the relationships in the world have to be examined, interpreted or reinterpreted, and reconciled.

The difference of the two modes of relationship is best illustrated in a case of romantic love. When we 'fall in love', we actually mean that we are willing to open and risk our self and fall 'into' a love relationship with our whole being, to sacrifice our self, to win our ‘other half’. It's an i-thou moment, a genuine, miraculous encounter between two lovers, in which one thoroughly realizes that one differs from the other person not just in degree but in kind, it’s 'one of a kind', an absolute unique existence. This new flash of awareness penetrates our mind, impinges upon us, lightening and transforming our life in a permanent way. And the consequence cannot be erased or cancelled by merely 'falling out of love', when i-thou deteriorates to i-it, the perfect, inseparable thou dissolves into a regular, deplorable it.

Contrary to the common belief, Buber warns us “love is not a feeling”, if we trace the supreme, ontological end of the word. Love involves strong feelings but it is not, and should not to be reduced to a feeling. A feeling is something one has, an object. A feeling takes place inside the isolated self. But one 'dwells in love', surrounded by it. Love takes placebetween i and thou, in the fleeting, exclusive i-thou world. I and Thou can only be connected through love.

This kind of love which I would only attribute to God is something too vast, and too intimate to put into word. It may not even be close to say that it is something like love of a man to a woman (already such a dangerous analogy). Nevertheless, it is the most sacrificial, enduring force. It lies in the deepest of our dreams, sought, consciously or unconsciously, by all of us, but first and foremost, by God Himself. It is also the very thing that is often being ignored, misinterpreted, criticized, just like many other great things, great art and great literature of history.

The curious child is a child in love. He travels through his ordeals, going across the infinitei’s and thou’s feeling overjoyed, but unsatisfied. Love comes back and forth along its parallel lines like a bird. ‘There’s something missing.’ And he prepares himself for that great moment when he will unravel the mystery. Finally he comes to the door, fact to face with the eternal Thou. There he is overcome.

God is the eternal Thou, the archetypal, everlasting, fulfilling presence of love. And He loves us all.

REFERENCES

[1]. The Poetry Shack, http://members.aol.com/VSpen67816/index2.html

Lewis, C.S. [2001] The Problem of Pain, HarperCollins

Buber, M. [1970] I And Thou, Free Press

9.11.2010

Beichuan Newsletter for you

To Me, September has been a month of cruelty as well as season of love. I shall forever remember how we, the returning volunteers of Beichuan, shuddered at the news of 9/24 mudslide that buried half of the village, killing more than 20 children and adults who we once had the privilege to serve – but NOT ANY MORE. Since summer 2008, our ministry has been actively involved in Beichuan, planting the seeds and nurturing the locals, baptizing high schoolers as well as the elderly villagers. Because of you, our vision and our directions have always been clear. Your prayers and your concerns have been the single source of strength that sustains the program, and the frontline volunteers whose faces are perhaps still unfamiliar to you. But as you receive this newsletter, you are already an important part of our ministry. God bless us all.

6.16.2010

北川的内省

说起来惭愧,已经又是一年,我的北川日记,因着大大小小的借口,竟没有继续下去。中文输入不经意的延迟,九二四时隐时现的伤痛,现世的捆绑挣扎,教會的問題,都成为我为自己渐渐疏懒开脱的理由。从加拿大回来,考试,开会等非做不可的事告一段落,工作也不必急着展开。除了九月的书稿,又是甚麼在阻攔我靜下心來?必是端午節夏日的陽光落在窗上,仿佛在說,夏天到了,正是可有所作為的時候,你為甚麼不回北川?

12.24.2009

Holiday Greetings



















Peace to Earth! Merry Christmas to you all! For various reasons including,
in particular, my residual frustration with net nanny, I haven't been updating much
here. (What's the point if I can't even see my own blogs, suppose I were still in China?)
Today, I woke up with a brand new sense of inspiration and conviction which tells me
that I shall NOT give up here. A quiet revolt is better than no revolt at all. Forgiveness
and blessings are ten times powerful (and helpful thereby) than hatred or resentfulness.
Haven't I harbored all those unhealthy, negative feelings all along? As Dr. S often
recommends, all I need to do is to make an "I" Statement - that simple!

So here I am, in glowing blissfulness, wishing you and your loved ones a joyful, healthful,
and most fruitful New Year! God is All Positivity - so are we!

11.01.2009

上帝爱北川



From Manhattan, Flushing, Ithaca, to many parts of China, we get together in Beichuan, a profoundly traumatized, mountainous region in the quake zone, for God is not giving up on Beichuan. He loves Beichuan!

10.01.2009

Beichuan in retrospect

This album which I made last year is dedicated to our children from Beichuan tent school, located in a village in Beichuan, China. Today, the mountain part of the village has been permanently buried by landslides. All the children in the video survived except four of them... one teenage girl is orphaned now. The music in the background was our Official School Song then, Song Bie, meaning "Farewell."

9.07.2009

历五十年争辩,未走出最终的死地: 北川县城五十年迁址考 (轉)

半个世纪以来,北川曾先后历经三次搬迁动议,持续数十年的争吵与纠葛,却定址于最终灭顶之地。由于县领导更迭,搬迁与否历经反复。直到现在,北川究竟该重建于何地,仍然没有结论。

震后四月,北川仍然封城。

站在城外的“三道拐”上俯瞰,北川县城尽收眼底。曾经秀美的老城区,约有三分之一已是灰绿色的泥石堆。泥石之下,是武装部、县医院、法院、民政局、幼儿园、邮政局、文教局、图书馆……这里曾是县城最为繁华之处。

被称为“曲山”的县城所在地夹在东西两侧的大山之间,是进出北川的门户。山内各乡镇一般称为关内,山外则称为关外。以氵前江河为界,县城分为新老城区。老城区临沈家包、王家岩;新城区临景家山。

北川人对地震并不陌生。据史料记载,公元1169年至1987年八百余年间,县境及邻近发生3-6级地震24次。而1988年至1997年十年间,发生2.0-4.1级地震54次。

5·12地震发生开始的瞬间,多数北川人并未当回事,他们根据经验,以为“摇几下”就完事了。

没有人料到,这是一次烈度达11度的地震,由其引发的山体滑坡和岩石崩塌,使北川县城成为一座死城。几十年来县城将被“包饺子”的传言,终于在5月12日下午两点二十八分成为现实。

1952年9月,因图“交通方便”,北川县城迁至山高坡陡的曲山。半个世纪以来,因担心山体滑坡引发“包饺子”悲剧,当地政府曾数度酝酿搬迁。然而种种特有背景之下,最终未能成行。大地震后,北川县城异地重建已成定局,然而选址何处至今仍未有定论。

1952:为什么在曲山

从老县城治城迁到如今的曲山,当时迁城的一个直接原因,其实是为了方便到专区开会。“那时候的会多。”
5·12地震中,老县城治城虽然有房屋倒塌,但由于地形开阔,仅死亡几十人。

遭受灭顶之灾的曲山镇,成为北川县城其实充满偶然。据北川县志记载,自唐太宗贞观八年(634)始,北川县城所在地一直是治城(后更名为禹里),长达1300余年。一直到1952年,北川县城才迁往曲山。此前,曲山从未有设县级治所的记载。

当年迁城的原因颇有争议。流行的说法是:解放之初,由于匪患,原县城治城交通不便,为方便外部支援,遂将县城迁至曲山。

不过,南方周末记者多方考证,发现这一说法稍显牵强。

据北川县志,解放后县内匪患均发生于1950年,此后再无记载。而北川迁城却是1952年9月。北川何以在匪患肃清后迁城?这成为“匪患说”的一大硬伤。

决定北川县城迁址的,可能另有原因。

解放初,北川隶属川北行署剑阁专区,为全区最为边远的一个县。迁城以前,由于车马不通,北川干部到专区开会,皆需步行二十余公里从曲山出关。

1950年1月,南下干部刘仲成率8人组成工作组,接管北川县城。刘先任县长,后于1952年9月任县委书记。多位北川老干部称,1952年的北川迁城,刘起到决定性作用。

年过八旬的北川县原政协主席佘良1952年学校毕业后,分到北川县政府建设科工作。他对南方周末记者回忆说,当年的迁城非常突然,他7月从治城外出开会,走时尚不知迁城一事,待走到曲山,被告知县城要搬至曲山,遂被留下参与筹备工作。

佘良说,那时的曲山仅有一百余户人家,后来的北川县城老城区所在地,那时还是一片乱坟堆。

1954年,北川解放后第二任县委书记田承绩接任刘仲成主政北川。田承绩对南方周末记者说,他后来曾与刘谈到迁城问题,对方承认主是为了交通方便。

不过,在田承绩看来,所谓的“交通方便”,主要是对县级干部而言。当时迁城的一个直接原因,其实是为了方便到专区开会。“那时候的会多。”

由于曲山山高坡陡,地势险峻,包括县长母广轼在内的几位当地干部对迁城曾有不同意见,但并未起到作用。“当时的情况是南下干部说了算。”田承绩说。

田承绩今年已84岁高龄,是经历当年迁城事宜为数不多的健在知情者之一。对于当年的县城迁址,他直言是“错误”和“教训”。

1959:夭折的回迁

1958年地震之后,北川决心将县城搬回治城。并于次年开始动工修建县委、县人委办公楼。然而,力主回迁的县委书记随后调离,北川回迁随之夭折。

第二任县委书记田承绩到北川赴任之后,即对县城地形感觉“反常”。县城两侧高山险峻,坡度均在70度以上,人处山脚之下,深感山势逼人。城郊茅坝一带,有一片乱石,有的如房间大小,当地人命名为“乱石窖”。据记载是康熙年间景家山上岩石垮塌形成。多位北川受访者认为,此形成亦与地震有关。只是当年此处人烟稀少,史上未曾记载。

田承绩在北川工作十年间,常感县城迟早要出大事。而据他回忆,县城将被“包饺子”的说法,在那时即已有所闻。

除了地势险峻,田亦发现,曲山处在全县偏南位置。县境边远村民到县城办事,需翻山四五百华里,苦不堪言。此外,迁城之后,虽然通往关外便利,但关内交通反而不便,边远乡镇的干部到县城开会更为困难,为此颇有怨言。事实上,田赴任很长时间以后,县里开会仍选在治城。

以上种种,使田承绩一到北川,便有意将县城回迁。县上多数干部也对此支持。不过田知道,迁城非儿戏,1952年刚刚搬迁,再要求回迁显然并不现实。于是打算分步走,先在旧城修建办公用房,待造成既定事实之后,再报上级批准。

1958年2月8日,北川发生6.2级地震,县委楼房两头震垮。县城石岩亦有崩塌。此变故发生之后,更加大田承绩回迁县城决心。据北川县志记载,1959年,北川县成立6人组成的“城建委”,调集建筑施工人员200人,于11月在老县城治城动工修建县委、县人委办公楼一幢,修建中学教学用房三幢,1961年完工。共花费1万元,均为北川自筹。

在田承绩看来,如果县城迁回治城,那么5·12地震将不会给北川造成多大伤亡,更不会出现“包饺子”惨景。事实上,5·12地震中,老县城治城虽然有房屋倒塌,但由于地形开阔,仅死亡几十人。

然而,这次已经实施的县城回迁行动最终流产。“大跃进”和随着而来的三年自然灾害,使北川无心亦无力回迁县城。1964年田承绩调走,此事很长一段时间便不再提。

已经建起的县委办公楼后来成为治城乡政府所在地,先后经地震、水淹,至今尚存。至于建好的教学用房,原本为北川中学所用,因回迁流产,被逐年拆除。

1987:选址中的“私心”
北川此次酝酿迁城,被认为体现出“高度民主”。县委为此专门召开常委扩大会议。各乡镇和部门均有人参加。结果绝多大数意见赞成搬迁。但是,新县城选址何处却引发干部派争。

1958年之后到汶川大地震之前,北川再未发生6级以上地震。不过,危险并未离开北川县城。据北川县志记载,1970年代,县城西面的王家岩山体上发现裂缝。据目击者描述,裂缝长达数百米,最宽处一米有余。有关部门还曾拨款治理。而景家山亦发现有松动岩石。对县城构成威胁。1978年,王家岩崩垮,一块约一立方米的岩石翻滚至城关小学旧宿舍。

和新中国一起历经沧桑的北川,于1980年代又迎来一次县城搬迁契机。其主导者是北川原县委书记马敬洪。和田承绩一样,马敬洪于1984年刚到北川任职时,亦觉县城地形怪异。当时站在险峻山下,深感害怕。而上级领导到北川视察工作时,也往往不愿久留。

北川外派干部的一大特点,是多不带家属前来。这一方面是因为北川条件艰苦,另一原因则是因县城地势凶险,作以防万一计。

促使马敬洪决定搬迁县城的,还有其他原因。那时县城茅坝新区尚未开发,城区面积仅有0.35平方公里。随着经济发展,县城人口已由当年的不足千人发展到万人,曲山已无发展空间。此外,由于县城“环境恶劣”,北川干部人心浮动。1985年,北川中学校长带领教师 6人离校出走,在全省轰动一时。

北川县城搬迁,再次提上议事日程。

原北川地震办主任马明理记忆中,1987年的某一日,县委书记马敬洪忽然造访,两人聊及坊间盛传的北川“包饺子”传言。马明理从地震和地质角度,称此说法并非没有道理,最好的办法就是迁县城。马敬洪遂让他写个报告。

马明理记得,早在上世纪七十年代,中国地震局地震地质考察队就曾到北川考察,证实北川大断层从县城穿过,地震可能发生。且以北川地形之险峻,大地震一旦发生,“包饺子”成为必然。此后,也有多位地震专家跟马明理谈过此观点。

事后不久,马敬洪再次找到马明理,责其“光说不动”。马明理遂连夜起草一报告,从地震灾害角度建议县城搬迁。

据原北川县人大副主任席元厚回忆,当年计划迁县城的一个背景是:1987年9月,四川巫溪县发生岩崩,近百人死亡。四川省追究了涉及官员的责任,并专门发文件,要求各地方政府戒除官僚主义,排查安全隐患,避免类似事件再发生。

北川原副县长王光甫参与了此次县城迁址的运作。据他介绍,在县委书记马敬洪力推下,北川开始酝酿迁县城,并向绵阳市打了报告。他对南方周末记者坦言,当时提出搬迁的主要目的还是为了县城发展,留住人才。地震虽被作为理由提出,但即使他本人也没有想到真的会发生。

与1952年那次主要领导“说了算”不同,北川此次酝酿迁城,被认为体现出“高度民主”。县委为此专门召开常委扩大会议。各乡镇和部门均有人参加。结果绝多大数意见赞成搬迁。

但围绕新县城选址问题,北川形成对立两派。其中关内干部主张将县城迁回治城,主要理由是位置适中,方便全县各地百姓进城办事。关外干部则坚持将新址定在关外的擂鼓镇,理由是靠近中心城市绵阳,利于发展。为了反驳治城派的“中心论”,擂鼓派以莫斯科等城市作例,证明一县之城如一国一都,未必非得处在辖区中心。王光甫本人是擂鼓人,亦是擂鼓派的代表人物,由于其在搬迁事宜中地位特殊,治城派有人写信到绵阳市告状,认为其在迁址问题上怀有私心。

据原政协主席佘良介绍,当时还有第三种意见:将北川拆分,南面划归安县,北面划归松潘,东归江油,西归茂县。此方案被认为经济实用,因为北川既不存在,县城也不需再设,自然不用搬迁。结果乡级干部中,被划归安县、江油等发达县市的乡镇对此支持,划归茂县、松潘等相对落后者则坚决反对。县级干部由于担心拆分后“靠边”,则大都反对,老干部因为在县城已经买房也反对,结果此派未形成气候。

最后,擂鼓派占了上风,擂鼓作为新县址所在地被写在了报告中。

在北川原地震办主任马明理看来,北川断裂带其实也经过擂鼓,这里也不是安全之地。大地震中,擂鼓同样是受灾极严重之地,但所幸未“包饺子”。

5·12地震之后,北川坊间曾有传言,称当年一批老干部因反对县城搬迁,集体联合告状,最终导致迁址流产。

但南方周末多方求证,发现“老干部反对说”不能成立。受访者均认为,当时的争论议题主要是新县城选址何处,反对迁城者其实少之又少。“(对于迁县城)北川的干部已经尽力了。”王光甫对南方周末记者说。

当年参与争论的北川干部现均认为,当年无论采取哪种方案搬迁,北川均不致遭受今天这般惨重损失。


1988:“北川不会发生毁灭性灾害”

又一任力主搬迁的县委书记调离,历届继任者将工作重心放在了发展经济和争取羌族自治县上。
《北川县灾害地质考察报告》认为“……因地震发生大规模的山体滑移的可能性不存在”、“……不会发生因山体失稳而毁灭北川县城的灾害”,给北川县城是否迁移下了定论。

因选址问题引发的这场争论,最后以一种出人意料的方式结束:县城迁址流产。

在马敬洪看来,迁城搁浅的原因或许有两个,一是资金问题,当时搬迁的初步预算是1.2亿,这个数目“有点高”;二是选址问题。

提及往事,马显得颇有顾虑,称“太复杂”而不愿多言。

当年参与此事的北川当地干部对搬迁流产的普遍解释是:北川迁城的报告上交之后,省政府对搬迁经费的意见是省里出一半,绵阳市里出一半。绵阳市里由于拿不出钱,搬迁遂告失败。报告也最终未能交至国务院。

不过,南方周末记者调查发现,此事还有一段插曲。

北川要求迁县城的报告上交绵阳市后,1988年4月,绵阳市地质学会专家对北川县城曲山地区山地灾害进行了为期五天的科学考察。马明理作为北川代表参加了这次考察。他的任务是为专家带路。马还记得,当时曾对专家组负责人半开玩笑地说,北川人的命运就掌握在你们手中了。

考察之后,与北川县有关领导进行了座谈,原人大副主任席元厚、原副县长王光甫均曾参加,二人均称,当时专家的意见非常一致,认为曲山地质灾害严重,应该尽早搬迁。

不过,专家组就此次考察编写的《北川县灾害地质考察报告》,结论却与之相反,南方周末记者从这份报告原件中上看到,专家组尽管承认“北川县城关历史上曾发生多起重大山地灾害”,“近年来危石崩塌、泥石流等灾害时有发生”,但考察结论却认为“……因地震发生大规模的山体滑移的可能性不存在”、“……县城周围山体不存破坏山体整体稳定性的水文地质……不会发生因山体失稳而毁灭北川县城的灾害”。

为考察队带路的马明理事后看到了这份报告,阅后颇感心安,以为民间传言实不足信。而大地震后回顾此事,马明理大叹北川“吃了专家的亏”。

当时担任北川重要领导职务的马敬洪、王光甫、佘良等均对南方周末记者声称,他们并没有看到过这份报告。

10年之后出版的《北川年鉴》对地质学会到北川考察一事作出如下记载:……报告从曲山东西两侧山体的构造、现状、水文、工程等方面进行了科学分析,得出了“局部性灾害存在,毁灭性灾害不可能发生,局部灾害可以预防和治理”的科学结论,给北川县城是否迁移下了定论。

1988年8月,马敬洪调离北川,北川此后一直到地震之前,迁城一事再无人过问。历届继任者将工作重心放在了发展经济和争取羌族自治县上。

1995:最后的机会

5·12地震中,茅坝新区虽然亦损失惨重,但由于景家山岩崩面积较小,只掩埋茅坝中学一个单位,加上街道较宽,便于逃生,人员伤亡比老城区要轻。不过,也正是由于新区的开发,意味着北川已无另迁新址的可能。

《北川县灾害地质考察报告》中,除了认为北川县城“不会发生因山体失稳而毁灭北川县城的灾后”外,还认为茅坝新区可作为城市发展的新区。

1991年,由于城区用地紧张,在时任县长梁安礼的力推下,北川县政府决定开发茅坝新区。坊间流传,当时新区一片荒凉,各单位都不愿搬过去,县长梁安礼曾半开玩笑地说,你们不搬,我们政府先搬,别等哪天包了饺子你们后悔。1995年,北川县政府迁至新区。新区面积与老区相当,亦为0.35平方公里。

早在1980年代,在时任教育局长的李德怀任期内,包括茅坝中学(北川中学新校区)等在内的三所学校即作为先行军在新区修建。茅坝中学即建在景家山“乱石窖”上。5·12地震时,崩塌的巨石将学校整体掩埋。

李德怀如今承认,从安全角度,茅坝中学的选址确有问题,但因为是前人选定,加上县城地皮紧缺,他未另选他地。如今,他后悔没有拒绝盖这所遭受灭顶之灾的学校。

不过,在5·12地震中,茅坝新区虽然亦损失惨重,但由于景家山岩崩面积较小,只掩埋茅坝中学一个单位,加上街道较宽,便于逃生,人员伤亡远比老城区要轻。不过,某种意义上,新区的开发,也意味着北川已无另迁新址的可能。

近十几年来,因为已经面临无地可用的窘境,北川开始往山上“发展”。老城区如民政局、幼儿园等单位,都盖在了山脚下。多位县城居民证实,就在地震发生之前,垮塌处的沈家包山脚下正在修建“安居工程”,山体因此被挖进了十余米。地震时,施工人员和未盖起的建筑一起被泥石掩埋,如今已了无痕迹。

1992年,北川地震办邀请四川省地震局专家到北川考察,确认北川大断层确实从县城经过。并据此写出《北川县城地震危险性分析》。据马明理回忆,当时专家考察后认为,北川原县委大楼和县人民医院、邮电局等诸多重要单位,就处在这条危险的断层上。在5·12地震中,北川大断层所经过的广电局、县委、医院等重要单位,在强大的地震波冲击下,全部垮塌。北川由此彻底失去了自救能力。学界关于断层处不能建房的论点,得到一次极其残酷的印证。

任地震办主任期间,马明理曾按防震减灾要求,让各单位把大楼盖到四层以下、避开断层带、按地震烈度区划图要求设防等,为此没少跟城建局长吵架,成为历任地震办主任中最不受欢迎的一个。他关于防震的一些言论,被视为影响县城发展的“杂音”。然而,“楼该怎么盖还是怎么盖”。

2000年以后,北川为发展经济,正准备实施“曲山-擂鼓一体化”方案,计划将县内工业和有关机构迁至擂鼓,并修筑了一条大道。若实施,县城密集人口将渐被分散。不过,地震没有给北川更多时间。

2008:新址未确定

“行政区划调整非儿戏,就像一把椅子坏了,你不能把另一把拆掉来修复它。”

5·12大地震发生已4月有余,灾后重建正如火如荼展开。然而,需异地重建的北川新县城,选址何处至今仍未有定论。北川县城陨没之后,南邻安县的安昌镇,成为北川的临时县城。安昌原是安县的老县城,2002年,经绵阳市上报,国务院批准,安县成功将县城迁至靠近绵阳市区的花荄镇。这次搬迁至今仍然充满争议,有对迁城不满的安县老干部戏言:安县这次迁城的最大成果,就是为北川空出一个县城。

不过安昌成为北川县城,目前仅仅是安昌人的一个愿望。震后,围绕北川新县城选址,曾出现多个方案,一说为北川南部的擂鼓镇,一说为安县邻近北川的永安镇,一说为安昌镇,呼声较高的一种说法,则是安昌东南黄土乡的板凳桥村。

南方周末记者获悉,以上方案均系备选,北川县城选址至今仍无定论。而选址问题的棘手与复杂,也远超出外界估计。

地震之后,由于山河改观,北川已经难以找到一块适合建县城的平地。在各个备选方案中,只有擂鼓方案系在北川境内,其它均在安县。由于擂鼓镇被认为水源不足,且和曲山一样处在地震断裂带上,北川许多干部对此方案强烈反对。北川县委组织部部长王理效更是对南方周末直言:新县城若选擂鼓,得分将为零。

然而若将北川县城选在安县,重新调整安县与北川的行政区划则成为必然。这意味着安县将继1952年把擂鼓镇划归北川之后,再度“割地”予北川。

绵阳市不少老干部对北川在安县境内建县城提出质疑。“行政区划调整非儿戏,就像一把椅子坏了,你不能把另一把拆掉来修复它。”曾在北川工作过的一位绵阳市退休官员说。

5·12地震之后,由于形成了唐家山堰塞湖,原道路被阻断,从安昌到禹里乡,原本几十公里的路,现在需绕行六百余公里。北川关内边远百姓到临时县城办事,耗时之久,成本之高,相当于从成都乘火车去一趟北京。正因为如此,坊间亦传有“北川老百姓将被县政府抛弃”的说法。

此外,将北川县拆分曾被视为解决迁址难题的办法之一。然而,考虑到北川为全国惟一的羌族自治县的特殊地位,加上“重建一个新北川”的指导方针,这一想法目前已被认为断无可能。

最终方案仍无头绪,唯一可以肯定的是,即便北川作为一座城市已经死去,关于它究竟应该在哪的争吵和纠葛,持续了已经五十年,而至今仍未停歇。

老书记马敬洪是四川射洪县人,在北川并无亲属。在得知北川县城真的被“包饺子”之后,已经离开北川二十年的马敬洪号啕大哭。这位原本最有可能使北川迁城成功的老人说,他这一生总共哭过三次,前两次均为亲人离世,这次却是为他工作仅四年的北川。

(注:9月24日,北川突降暴雨,县城遗址被泥石流冲毁,继5·12大地震后再度改观。)
(感谢北川县政协研究室主任彭盛才的帮助)

source: http://www.infzm.com/content/18242/1

7.24.2009

Children’s PV Club

The Beichuan children’s PV club is intended to be a laissez faire, non-directive, community-oriented process using video cameras to facilitate observation, reflection, and interaction among children and adults around them one year post-disaster. The goal is not about the outcome of what children eventually will do with the camera, but the process of how they learn to rely on and support each other, utilizing the camera to carry out goal-directed, meaningful artistic (or journalistic) work. Thus, the facilitator’s role is one of minimalistic, observing, responding, encouraging, and documenting the learning process carefully and meticulously. Children take ownership of the club and the process so that whatever they are willing to do with the device is potentially therapeutic. Feedback is given when asked so that they won't be exceedingly frustrated. The following is by no means a specific guidance, but some thoughts and ideas on what might actually happen in the group.

Overview
* Small group project - 3 groups of 4 students
* Work one week with each group
* Start with kids
* Ask them what scenes/themes they want on their TV show e.g., “Bichauan one year later"
* Interview: their friends, teachers, parents, relatives/community elders
* Make their own statement (interview each other).
* If a parent is interested they will be invited to make their own short film or still photos
* Plan a community event showing an edited film
* DVD burning for family keepsake

Process, process, process
* Begin/end each day with review session. Give them technical feedback - use better lighting; adjust distance; speak louder
* Have kids give feedback to each videographer – help them give positive and constructive feedback to each other. Encourage them to keep a journal
* Keep a journal - eyes as a clinician - focusing on resilience and optimism

Group activities that might help the kids warm up quickly
* Name game – basic camera skills, e.g., turn on/off, shutter start/stop. self introduction, gentle handling of device
* Disappearing game - desensitize to the camera, use tripod to steady device.
* Storyboard/planning
* Community mapping
* Familiar themes: 3 wishes; my favorite pastime; my best friend etc.

Key to successful video interviewing - respect your interviewee
* Plan and structure your time – e.g., write down themes & questions
* Be humble and patient - give sufficient time to respond and think through
* Maintain good eye contact
* Ask short, open-ended questions and then funnel down. larify responses if you do not understand
* Attend to nonverbal/body languages
* Focus on interviewee when they point somewhere. Shoot it afterwords
* Attend to their needs – cut short, reschedule or redo if necessary

See also: Participatory Video (PV) handbook

7.18.2009

Greetings from Mexico

Today I got to spend more time reading the fantastique PV handbook, emailing the UK authors, and mobilizing whoever I can think of. Here's "our" first PV, fresh from LA, on the 1985 Mexico City Earthquake. Thank you An-!

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